Veterinary surgeon

Veterinary surgeons provide medical care to a range of animals, from domestic pets to those in farm and zoo settings and wild animals with injuries

Your role as a veterinary surgeon (often known as a vet) will be to safeguard the health and welfare of animals. It's likely you'll do this in a general practice, where you'll be responsible for the medical and surgical treatment of a range of animals.

You'll use your practical skills and knowledge of animal physiology, nutrition and medicine to diagnose illnesses, prescribe medicines and perform surgery. You'll also manage anaesthesia during procedures and will work to prevent disease in animals and the spread of disease.

For information about working in a veterinary support role, see veterinary nurse.

Responsibilities

As a veterinary surgeon, you'll need to:

• work from a surgery or visit animals in their living environments, such as a farm or stables
• carry out home visits, which only some vets do
• handle, examine and treat all species of animals, including domestic animals, farm livestock and horses
• meet and consult with the owners and carers of various animals, including zookeepers
• carry out tests such as x-rays, blood samples and ultrasound scans
• give advice to farmers on issues such as nutrition, breeding and herd health
• routinely visit farms to check the health of livestock
• immunise animals against different types of disease
• euthanise old and terminally ill animals
• perform surgery, including managing anaesthesia
• work on out-of-hours emergency cases when on call
• provide suitable paperwork for animals travelling abroad, as well as inserting identification microchips
• maintain up-to-date records
• liaise with, and refer to, other professionals within the industry
• inspect certain animal products to ensure they are safe for human consumption
• manage the practice finances, promotional activities and recruitment, if you work as a practice partner
• research diseases, test and manage infection outbreaks, investigate food safety issues and complete paperwork for pet passports, if you work for a government agency.

Salary

• Starting salaries for newly-qualified vets are generally around £32,000 to £33,600.
• With further training and experience, your salary can rise to between £40,000 and £70,000, with the median being £52,693 (£68,950 in London).
• Highly experienced vets in the most senior roles can earn in the region of £70,000 to £100,000.

Locum vets can earn around £425 per day, with an average hourly rate of £50. Night working locums can earn £750 per night.

Salary levels can vary according to further training, specialisation, whether you're working as a practice partner and the size and location of the practice. Vets working in large animal practices tend to earn more than those working with smaller animals. Salary packages may include a car and accommodation.

Income data from the Society of Practising Veterinary Surgeons (SPVS) 2022/3 Salaries Survey. Figures are intended as a guide only.

Working hours

Many veterinary practices offer service 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Because of this, your working hours may be irregular as it's important to be available for emergencies.

What to expect

• Many vets work in private practices and experience as a vet can lead to buying into or setting up a practice of your own.
• Locum work is often possible.
• Working conditions vary. Vets work in surgeries, farms, zoos, customers' homes and other environments. They may be required to work outdoors in poor weather conditions.
• The job can be physically demanding and stressful due to its high level of responsibility. There are physical risks, spanning from minor injuries such as scratching and biting from animals to the much rarer risk of catching a trans-species disease.
• There has been a significant increase in the number of women entering the profession and there are now more female practising veterinary surgeons than male. There are also significantly more female undergraduate veterinary students, though in most veterinary practices women are still underrepresented at very senior level and sometimes face discrimination for their gender.

Qualifications

A degree in veterinary science or medicine and registration as a member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) is required to practise as a vet.

There are nine institutions offering degrees in these subjects in the UK, they are:

• Aberystwyth University
• Royal Veterinary College, University of London
• University of Bristol
• University of Cambridge
• University of Edinburgh
• University of Glasgow
• University of Liverpool
• University of Nottingham
• University of Surrey

Degrees are generally five years in length, six in some schools. Fees will depend on individual circumstances so applicants should check with the institutions where they intend to study.

Entry requirements differ between universities so check with individual institutions about specific entrance criteria. In general, biology at A-level is an essential requirement, as well as one or two out of chemistry, physics and maths. The minimum grades required are usually two As and a B, although some universities ask for three As. With regards to GCSEs, it depends on the entry requirements for each university.

Some universities will consider applicants who have relevant vocational qualifications, such as a BTEC Diploma in Animal Science with distinction. Some universities will accept applicants without the relevant A-level or vocational qualifications due to special six-year programmes. In the first year of these programmes, the basics learned at A-level will be covered, to prepare the students for the five-year course.

For more information on the routes into veterinary school, see the British Veterinary Association (BVA) guide Applying to study veterinary medicine.

All universities look for evidence that applicants have a passionate interest in veterinary science or medicine. Applicants must demonstrate this by gaining experience in a veterinary practice working with, and handling, domestic animals and livestock.

For more information on becoming a vet, see MyVetFuture.

Skills

You will need to show that you have:

• commitment to animal welfare
• flexibility
• an ability to communicate to clients in a way that is easy to understand, and especially in emotional circumstances
• a caring and approachable manner
• being caring and approachable
• good organisational skills
• being able to work in a practical and unsentimental way with animals
• commercial and management skills, for those wishing to progress to practice partner.

Work experience

This is a competitive career but gaining relevant work experience will help strengthen your application for employment and demonstrate your commitment to working with animals.

For voluntary or paid work experience try contacting local employers, such as veterinary practices, farms, stables, kennels and catteries and with animal charities such as:

• Blue Cross
• Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA)
• The People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA)

Be proactive and apply even if an employer is not currently advertising a vacancy as they will view your motivation favourably and it can often result in an opportunity. Even very short-term placements can lead to being kept on for longer, and in some cases being offered permanent work.

Find out more about the different kinds of work experience and internships that are available.

Employers

The main employers of vets are:

• mixed veterinary practices
• practices specialising in a particular type of animal, such as small animals, food-producing animals and equine. The specialism may depend on the practice's rural or urban location
• zoos
• animal hospitals
• animal charities and welfare societies, such as the RSPCA, PDSA, The Blue Cross
• education and research institutes
• government agencies - including the army and the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)
• pharmaceutical companies.

Overseas opportunities may be found with:

• Royal Army Veterinary Corps (RAVC) - a bursary may be available.
• Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO)

°Õ³ó±ðÌýGovernment Veterinary Services (GVS)Ìýis part of the Civil Service and acts to support public-sector veterinary professionals and promote policy to other vets and to the public. It also provides student placements in a range of areas of veterinary practice.

Look for job vacancies at:

• Vet Times JobsÌý
• Vet Record Careers
• VetSurgeon.org

The BVA also produces Vet Record, a journal for veterinary professionals, which is published weekly and is available to BVA members.

Academic institutions and charitable organisations may also advertise vacancies through their websites.

Professional development

An essential element of undergraduate training is extra-mural studies (EMS), where you'll complete a minimum of 38 weeks gaining real-life, hands-on work experience to enhance your university-based studies. For the latest information about this requirement, see RCVS Extra-mural studies (EMS).

As a new graduate, you'll complete the RCVS professional development phase (PDP), which is designed to aid the transition from student to professional veterinary surgeon. The RCVS requires that you renew your membership annually to remain on the RCVS Register of Members. You'll also need to undertake (and keep record of) continuous professional development (CPD) throughout the rest of your working life. This must consist of at least 35 hours of CPD per year, although you can do more than this.

The following organisations have further career information and details about events and seminars:

• British Veterinary Association (BVA)
• British Small Animals Veterinary Association
• Society of Practising Veterinary Surgeons (SPVS)

Once in practice, you can go on to study for further qualifications, such as the RCVS certificates and diplomas.

There may be opportunities to become an Official Vet (OV). An OV is authorised by theÌýAnimal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) and helps to control the export trade of animals across borders. Being awarded OV status means you are qualified to test for diseases such as tuberculosis (TB), carry out market inspections and be involved in the exportation of animals and animal products.

Career prospects

As a newly-qualified veterinary surgeon, you'll usually start work as an assistant before becoming fully-fledged. Once in post, there are opportunities to specialise, for example, in equine medicine, small animal surgery or dermatology. Further training is required for these specialisations, which may lead to a diploma.

With time and experience you may be offered the opportunity to become a partner or a principal in a veterinary practice. Whether you decide to take this up is a personal decision, as it requires a greater degree of responsibility and financial and management input into the practice. Partnership opportunities have decreased somewhat due to large companies taking over many veterinary practices and employing vets on a salaried basis.

With further training, extensive professional experience and publication of articles, it's possible to gain RCVS Recognised Specialist Status. Recognised specialists offer consultation in their chosen field.

You could move from practice work to working for an animal welfare society, or government service in a related field such as the licensing of veterinary medicines.

There are also research and teaching opportunities in universities, research institutes and pharmaceutical companies. Common areas include animal disease cure and prevention and food safety.